- In document #71, how does the Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Citizens differ from the versions of 1789 and 1793? What developments in the history of the Revolution account for these differences?
- How does the law described in document #72 reveal the Directory's concern to curb the excesses of both the left and right in French politics?
- According to document #73, why did the Council of Five Hundred close down all political clubs? How did the deputies justify this bold measure?
- In document #74, how does the Directory justify the coup of 18 fructidor V? What is the remaining Directors' vision of the Republic?
Wednesday, April 22, 2009
Reading questions, ch. 12
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According to document #73, why did the Council of Five Hundred close down all political clubs? How did the deputies justify this bold measure?
ReplyDeleteThe Council of Five Hundred believed political associations were not worth protecting. The Council believed nothing good could come from political organizations whose foundations encompassed agitation and change among the populace. Political Club agendas focused on threatening the republic whose members favored violence over justice. Political Clubs were also viewed as organizations trying to take over the government. In order to justify their actions the Council of Five Hundred believed removing political clubs was the only way to restore peace and public order. Political Clubs were not necessary to liberty and therefore should be removed. The Council also believed continuing to recognize political clubs would only elevate those who supported the Royal Constitution of 1791 and its leaders.
In document #74, how does the Directory justify the coup of 18 fructidor V? What was the remaining Directors’ vision of the Republic?
The coup of 18 fructidor was justified by the Directory as the means to restore order to the republic. The Directory believed force would stop the spread of counter-revolutionary behaviors. The tone the Directory took in this publication was interesting in that it seems they were not blaming the population, instead they viewed them as victims of counter-revolutionary tendencies. The Directory wanted to fulfill its obligation to the people by leading them back to a more moral and virtuous footing encompassing loyalty and admiration toward the republic. The Directories envisioned a republic based on virtue and morals, establishing strong connections between the people and the government. A republic would benefit the interests of the entire public and not just a few. Justice found within a republic was viewed as the sister of peace, only good things could come from this. The Directory wanted to create a society where citizens would have the universal right to the best jobs and advancement would be based on talent and morals instead of privilege and birth. The Directory envisioned the republic as a form of government based laws and not violence.
Posted by: Kathryne Hardy
n document #71, how does the Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Citizens differ from the versions of 1789 and 1793? What developments in the history of the Revolution account for these differences?
ReplyDeleteThe Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Citizens differed from the versions of 1789 and 1793 because it no longer guaranteed the rights of free expression or assembly. It also dropped the right to education and guaranteed of public relief. This declaration defined the general will as the simple will of the majority (288).
According to document #73, why did the Council of Five Hundred close down all political clubs? How did the deputies justify this bold measure?
The Council of Five Hundred closed down all political clubs because they feared the revival of popular societies of 1793 and Pastoret believed that political associations were tools of destruction and not worth "protecting." The deputies justified this bold measure by stating that removing them completely would better society and that these clubs were not necessary for liberty.
Kate Starnes
In document #71, how does the Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Citizens differ from the versions of 1789 and 1793? What developments in the history of the Revolution account for these differences?
ReplyDeleteThe new Declaration of Rights restricted suffrage and no longer allowed free expression, assembly or a guarantee of rights. It dropped the right to education and the guarantee of public relief. It defined the general will as the will of the majority. During the Revolution, popular uprisings probably caused the dropping of freedom of expression or assembly because the government saw what the public was capable of. The will of the majority would mean "those in power", so that seems like a strategic move on the government's part. And, perhaps by not educating everyone, the government was trying to get the people to look to them again for guidance.
According to document #73, why did the Council of Five Hundred close down all political clubs? How did the deputies justify this bold measure?
Pastoret thought that political clubs were not worth protecting because they only served to agitate and try to change things . The deputies thought that by closing societies, they could reestablish public order. Pastorat also says that the liberty of the clubs is for the privilege of the few. He thought that clubs tended to usurp delegated powers.
Lindsay Berreth
In document #71, how does the Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Citizens differ from the versions of 1789 and 1793? What developments in the history of the Revolution account for these differences?
ReplyDeleteThe Declaration of the rights of man issued in 1795, is notable not for additions like the 1793 version, but rather for its removals. Most notably this new version removed the right of citizens to expression or assembly and defined the general will as being the a simple majority. Both of these changes can be understood by just looking at the events of the previous years, the journee of 31 May-2 June 1793 for example was forever an example of how dangerous giving the common people the right to freely assemble could be. Further the numerous times when the Sans-Culotte managed to force their will on the conventions such as Sept. 5 1793, proved at the phrase of general will was far to vague and could lead to the tyranny of those who could affect the Convention's decisions (the Paris Sans-Culotte). The new version also removed the rights to welfare and education granted in the 1793 version.
-Jonathan Mcclintock
According to document #73, why did the Council of Five Hundred close down all political clubs? How did the deputies justify this bold measure?
ReplyDeleteThe council of five hundred closed all the political clubs in Paris, made the argument that the clubs were breeding grounds for "Agitation and change". They claimed that the clubs had: "...disturbed order, prepared ad organized revolts? where was May 31 concocted for example? Are not their objectives hatred, vengeance, and the ambitions of [their] leaders." Clearly the convention was closing the clubs because they believed that the clubs were the cause of the violence that had erupted during the terror and even claimed that the clubs had resisted the coup of 9 Thermidor that ousted Robespierre. Thus the reason for destroying the clubs was in an attempt to restore order, since the clubs had "[dared] to struggle against the return of justice and humanity, and in favor of crime." They tried to make this more acceptable to the people by saying that while the liberty of the press helped the majority of France the clubs only benefited those who joined them, and as we have seen many of the political clubs, the Jacobins in particular had very high membership fees, thus making them less important to the cause of liberty of all rather then the liberty of a few.
-Jonathan Mcclintock
How does the law described in document #72 reveal the Directory's concern to curb the excesses of both the left and right in French politics?
ReplyDeleteIt is clear in document #72 that the Directory was concerned about both sides provoking groups of people to rebel. Not only were they concerned about the spread of discontent, but the Directory was also concerned that both sides would have the same goal. The Directory's concern to curb the excesses stemmed directly from its effort to stop any attempt to overthrow the government, something it believed both sides wished to do.
According to document #73, why did the council of Five Hundred close down all political clubs? How did the deputies justify this bold measure?
According to the document, the council of Five Hundred closed down all of the political clubs in order to maintain control. Since political clubs were places where groups of people could gather together and promote dissent it seemed necessary to close the clubs. The deputies justified this measure by asserting that they were preventing groups from forming that would try and overthrow the government.
In document #71, how does the Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Citizens differ from the versions of 1789 and 1793? What developments in the history of the Revolution account for these differences?
ReplyDeleteThe Duties of Citizens is longer than the Declaration of the Rights from 1789 and shorter than the 1793 version. The Duties of Citizens has 22 rights. The 1789 version had 17 rights, the 1793 version had 35 rights. From the initial declaration in 1789 to the Duties of Citizens there was a great deal of fluctuation and change. The most notable differences in the Duties of Citizens were the lack of a guarantee for free expression, assembly, or insurrection. The right to education and the guarantee of public relief were also taken out. The Duties of Citizens defined general will as the will of the majority. The developments that account for these differences are the fall of Robespierre and the Prairial insurrection.
In document #74, how does the Directory justify the coup of 18 fructidor V? What is the remaining Directors' vision of the Republic?
The Directory justified the coup of 18 fructidor V through the discovery of a “royalist plot.” The Directory uses this plot as a way to ask the people of France to re-examine their own lives. According to the members of the Directory plots were everywhere and approaching the people from all sides, they must be ready to combat them. The remaining Directors’ vision of the Republic is extremely detailed. Among these visions are that public instruction should flourish, that writers are honored by liberty, and that the Constitution should be the total moral rule.
Document #71
ReplyDeletePeople are not encouraged to rebel against the government violently like it was permitted in the 1789 version. Feudal laws are not mentioned in the 1789 version also. Because a new government has been formed the government wants to maintain its power this is why these pervious liberties are no longer allowed. Other things like public education and male suffrage are no longer allowed for similar reasons. The 1789 version was made only to please the crowd and to put the revolutionary government into power. The will of majority is now the general will for similar reasons to keep the current government in power.
Document #72
The Directory does not want the constitution of 1789 to be put back in place or counter-revolutionaries to gain power. The extreme right would be putting back the monarchy into power and the extreme left would put the 1789 version of the constitution into power. By putting down both of these ideas the Directory is attacking both the extreme right and left.
Document #73
According to document #73, why did the Council of Five Hundred close down all political clubs? How did the deputies justify this bold measure?
The council of Five Hundred closed down all political clubs because they stated that they were antichrist and they were no longer necessary because freedom of press would let the government speak to its subjects.
Document #74
In document #74, how does the Directory justify the coup of 18 fructidor V? What is the remaining Directors' vision of the Republic?
The Directory justifies the coup of 18 fructidor V by saying that it is saving France from traitors without any blood shed. It is preserving France’s liberty. The vision of the Republic is one where the will of the people and the Republic are one.
Monica Castro
2. According to document #73, why did the Council of Five Hundred close down all political clubs? How did the deputies justify this bold measure?
ReplyDeleteThe Council of Five Hundred closed down all political clubs because they are tools of destruction, their essence are ones of agitation and change, they provide disorder, prepare and organize revolts, their objectives are hatred and vengeance, they are usurpers of the tribunal and order, favored idleness, and they hate established government. This is justified by May 31, the fact that they wanted to return to and maintain public order, they defined everything as criminal except for crime itself, and they favored anarchy.
Steph Talarek
Document #72-
ReplyDeleteThis document reveals the concern of attempts to overthrow the government, whether from the right or left of the political spectrum. The Secretary of the Directory reveals a concern with actions by those who would seek to lead the crowd through false statements, as well as those who would seek to diminish the authority of the Directory. Savary speaks of concern with those who would incite soldiers in an attempt to overthrow the government. He does not discount their commitment to republicanism, but is concerned by those who should seek to mislead them into a revolt. Talot is concerned with the activities of those loyal to the Bourbon monarchy and those he refers to as "anarchists." His concern is with their attempts to subjugate the actions of the Directory. Lecointe is concerned with all factions of the political spectrum and thusly calls for all of them to be banned. The resolution of 27 Germinal demonstrates the concern for the left and the right and calls for the death penalty to anyone who calls for the restoration of the monarch or the Constitution of 1793.
Document #73-
The Council of Five Hundred wants to abolish the political clubs because they realize the power of groups in great numbers. As Pastoret makes clear, ideas are weak when one person has a belief in them, but he sees the danger when a group has the same ideals and gathers together. He blatantly recalls this as the evolution of "popular societies." Pastoret does not discount the importance of the right to freedom of the press, but claims this is not to be had by political clubs because it leads to attempts to overthrow the government. Jean Debry offers a counter-argument to the ideas of Pastoret, although he does acknowledge the power of movement the political clubs have. He refers to the attempts by Cromwell to curb groups from meeting and cautions the actions of the Directory can be seen as tyrannical actions. He further argues the ideals of "good governments" who do not fear the addition of varied opinions to the political spectrum. The actions of the Directory are summed up in the very strong statement of Simeon. He says these clubs are not essential to liberty and expresses fear those who held the views of those in power in 1791 and 1793 might be able to become elected to power again. His great fear in closing the clubs is the fear of the "weakness of administrations." This statement appears almost complimentary to the ideas of some members of the Terror; and furthermore, he believes the press is where varied opinions can be heard, not in the political clubs.
~~~ Albert Bailey
Johanna Gotay
ReplyDeleteQuestion #1:
The version of 1789 of the Declaration of Rights favored revolutionary liberties and the version of 1793 favored social benefits to its citizens. Now the version of 1795 differs from both versions because it no longer permits freedom of expression, assembly or insurrection. It doesnt favor social programs such as education or public relief as the 1793 version had. The general will became the majority. More so, the laws were stricter, you could not blame any person of a crime without providing support. These laws were a result of the terror that had occurred. The Convention wanted to take harsher measures to ensure no more terror. The point of the Constitution was for the Convention to gain control along with other legislators.
According to document #73, why did the Council of Five Hundred close down all political clubs? How did the deputies justify this bold measure?
ReplyDeleteThe Council of Five Hundred wanted to close down political clubs because they where scared of them and knew that they could neither control nor destroy them all alone. To justify the measure Pastoret claimed that political clubs where the main reason for uprisings and orgainized revolts that have disrupted the order of things. Pastoret calls them, "tools of destruction" and "their objectives [are] hatred, vengeance...". It is not until Debry steps in that anything good is said about political clubs.
Cathryn Salisbury-Valerien
How does the law described in document #72 reveal the Directory's concern to curb the excesses of both the left and right in French politics?
ReplyDeleteThe law in document # 72 curbs both the left and right in French politics. By curbing both rights it causes them not to pick sides and if they did the other side they don’t pick will revolt against them. Both the left and right are very persuasive at getting people to join them. The Directory does not want them to be provoking the people to rebel against the government. Each side has different opinions but the same goal to overturn the republic. They want to propose a law that “called for the death penalty against instigators of royalty or the reestablishment of the Constitution of 1793, and the dissolution of the legislative Corps or the Directory.” By passing this law they hope to control both sides from coming into power.
According to document #73, why did the Council of Five Hundred close down all political clubs? How did the deputies justify this bold measure?
The council of Five Hundred closes down all political clubs because they are such a powerful influence to the public. They want the people to follow the government. Pastoret also makes an argument against the clubs and considers them to be the reason for the uprising of the people. He says “Political associations, these tools of destruction, are not worth protecting.” Pastoret also later states they resist justice and humanity and are in favor of crime. Debry tries to tell the council to not old think of the wrong the societies have done but also “the services they have rendered to liberty.” He also argues that only the tyrants fear the people while others should support its light it sheds on the government. The next day though Simeon makes a motion to band the clubs because he feels they are not necessary to liberty. If they support these societies it may also promote those who believe in the anarchic regime of 1791 or the royal constitution of 1793. The deputies justify the closing of all political clubs by saying the press has enough liberty and freedom to state the citizens opinions.
Natalie Pardo
In document #71, how does the Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Citizens differ from the versions of 1789 and 1793? What developments in the history of the Revolution account for these differences?
ReplyDeleteThe Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Citizens differ from past versions in numerous ways. The new draft does not include the freedom of speech/expression, the right to insurrection, or the right to education. Furthermore, the laws themselves were better supervised in that accusations must have real proof in order to declare a person guilty. The 1795 version was a direct result of the reign of terror. The Convention did not want any threats to their power and the revolution.
~James Scutari
According to document #73, why did the Council of Five Hundred close down all political clubs? How did the deputies justify this bold measure?
ReplyDeleteThe Council of 500 believed that the political clubs were the instigators of all political unrest within France. They hoped that by closing these clubs, they would consolidate their power and protect the revolutionary government through stability. The council's justification was that political clubs are not essential to liberty or the revolutionary cause, but were in fact, a threat to everything the people of France had worked for.
~James Scutari
• In document #71, how does the Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Citizens differ from the versions of 1789 and 1793? What developments in the history of the Revolution account for these differences? In the 1795 version of the Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Citizens is different in the elimination of rights to free expression, assembly, and insurrection. They also dropped the right to education and guarantee of public relief. The most important change was the definition of generally will simply changing to the will of the majority. The developments in the history of the Revolution that accounted for these differences were the violence of the masses (sans-culotte). Drafters wanted only educated men and property owners to vote, run for office and participate in politics. The thinking was that the property owners were more interested in maintaining laws because they are educated. The property owners are viewed as caring more about politics because they have land, thus more of as stake in the country.
ReplyDelete• How does the law described in document #72 reveal the Directory's concern to curb the excesses of both the left and right in French politics? The Directory’s concern comes out when then they mention the possibility of a radical leader from either side misleading the army. They fear that the army could topple liberty. The directory also mentions the fact that when money is being talked about or some campaign under taken, the radicals work hard to recruit more followers. They say that the people may have different opinions but a collection of people have the same goals of overthrowing the government.
Jeff Smith
In document #71, how does the Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Citizens differ from the versions of 1789 and 1793? What developments in the history of the Revolution account for these differences? The new declaration includes duties and obligations to society. That no law have a retroactive effect, this was to ensure that those in power did not face the guillotine for their previous actions in the formation of the republic. There were no more arbitrary arrests. Noone or group could assume soverignty, and every taxpaying citizen had the right to participate in the formation of the law.
ReplyDeleteAccording to document #73, why did the Council of Five Hundred close down all political clubs? How did the deputies justify this bold measure?
Popular clubs were a source of centralized power of which could rise up violently into a frenzy of disaster these clubs gave rise to the jacobins, the san-coulette, marat, robespierre who were scary guys. The council of five hundred closed the clubs out of fear, fear of more bloodshed and fear of losing the power they had.
This Declaration of Rights is different than both of those previously published in that it also includes the Duties of a good citizen. It takes the emphasis off of what the nation should be doing for the people and declares that citizens have responsibility as well.
ReplyDeleteThe declaration is more conservative than both previous declarations in that it does not guarantee free speech. It cuts out many of the superfluous rights of the declaration of 1793 like education and welfare. It also protects the government by not guaranteeing the right of insurrection.
The law described by document 72 is unabashedly and directly targeting Royalists and those who support the constitution of 1793. So their fear of both the right and left if not hidden. They demand execution for both.
Jessica Arnold